strategy to rebuild Europe.īut the problem was this – Berlin was located far within Russia’s East Germany, so the Soviets took advantage, leading to the first Berlin crisis of the Cold War. They kept it from the Soviets because they wanted to regain economic control from Russia and quell the black market that was running rampant, as well as bring in aid under the Marshall Plan, a U.S. introduced a new currency, the Deutschmark, to their zones, which included West Berlin. and France after the war to coordinate occupation policy between the varying zones, but it stopped in early 1948 when it found out the other three nations were secretly planning to create a new German state out of their zones. Russia met regularly with Britain, the U.S. Membership of different organisations for European integration in 2013.Map of occupation zones and air corridors during Berlin Airlift. >15 Organisations of Economic Integration 2013.Membership of different organisations for European integration in 1995. >15 Organisations of Economic Integration 1995.Membership of different organisations for European integration in 1986. >15 Organisations of Economic Integration 1986.Membership of different organisations for European integration in 1973. >15 Organisations of Economic Integration 1973.Membership of different organisations for European integration in 1961. >15 Organisations of Economic Integration 1961.Map which shows the members of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe according to their year of membership. Map which shows the members of the Council of Europe according to their year of membership On the other hand, the non-aligned states are those which, for different reasons, have not joined any of the security organisations. On the map, the neutral countries are those that have refrained from supporting or taking part in conflicts involving third party states. Comparing this map and the next one, it is possible to appreciate Russia’s loss of influence during the 12 years following the disappearance of the USSR. The Collective Security Treaty Organisation is a new Russian-led military organisation. >15 Defence and security organisations in Europe: NATO and CSTO 2013.Countries that were members of the two major defence organisations that existed before the fall of the communist bloc in 1990. >15 Defence and security organisations in Europe: NATO and the Warsaw Pact 1990.Distribution of civilian and military casualties during WWII. >15 The cost of World War II in human lives.At this point, it is relevant to highlight the creation of the United Nations Organisation, The Council of Europe, the OECD, NATO, the Warsaw Pact, the OSCE and the WEU and the beginning of the process of European integration. A new type of institutional architecture also began to emerge at the international level. This marked the start of the period known as the Cold War. The USA and the USSR shared out their influence at the global scale within a logical division into rival blocs. The emergence of a “New World Order”: two great superpowers emerged after the conflict.This was particularly true of those that fell under the influence of the USSR. Territorial changes: numerous European territories changed hands, while others were occupied and lost part of their sovereignty.Material cost: important population nuclei and infrastructures were destroyed.The majority of the victims were civilians.
Human cost: almost 60 million deaths, with 40 million of them in Europe.These were the most important consequences of the greatest armed conflict in history:.The devastation caused by the war made Western Europe’s leaders understand that the future of their states depended upon greater European cooperation and integration. World War II (1939 – 1945) represented a deep-seated trauma for the continent of Europe.
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